In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth hypothesis asserts that the emergence of complex multicellular life (metazoa) on Earth required an extremely unlikely combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances. The Rare Earth hypothesis is explained in detail in the book Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe, by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist.
The Rare Earth hypothesis is the contrary of the principle of mediocrity (also called the Copernican principle), whose best known recent advocates include Carl Sagan and Frank Drake. The principle of mediocrity maintains that the Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system, located in an unexceptional region of a large but conventional barred-spiral galaxy. Ward and Brownlee argue to the contrary: planets, planetary systems, and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as are the Earth, the solar system, and our region of the Milky Way are probably extremely rare. If so, the Earth could be the only place in the Milky Way, and perhaps even in the entire universe, featuring complex life.
If complex life can evolve only on an Earth-like planet, then the Rare Earth hypothesis solves the Fermi paradox (Webb 2002): "If extraterrestrial aliens exist, why aren't they obvious?"
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