Re: [asa] TE/EC Response - ideology according to Terry

Terry:

I never said that #4 was not possible. But as I said to others who proposed
it, it's really a subset of #3, since it accepts guidance, even if the
guidance is indetectable.

I find your final paragraph incomprehensible. Not the English prose, which
is fine, but the notion expressed in it. It seems very close to what David
Campbell is saying.

If God's "guidance" in chemical reactions means only that God "powers" the
basic laws of charge, etc., and then the particles, under the guidance of
these laws, merely act "naturally", and attract or repel each other, etc.,
then I have no problem with your view, but I think that "guidance" is a
misleading term for it, too far from the everyday use of the word and hence
liable to confuse people.

If God's "guidance" means what would normally be meant by "guidance" in
everyday life, i.e., God literally guides or steers *a particular electron*
to join up with *a particular atom* to form *a particular compound*, i.e.,
God is in effect *constructing that particular compound at that particular
point in time and space*, then I think such "guidance" is entirely
redundant, since the natural laws God has established can accomplish every
detail of the action without any "guidance". As I said to George,
"co-operation" of that sort seems as ludicrous as to say that even though I
am pushing the gas pedal on my car and it is going 60 mph, someone must
*also* run alongside my car at 60 mph and push the car along, or the car
will stop moving. Either the internal combustion engine is enough to
exhaustively explain the motion of the car, or it isn't. Either the laws of
charge and so on are enough to exhaustively explain the capture of hydrogen
electron by a chlorine atom, or they aren't. If the laws are sufficient,
then God doesn't "guide" anything; he merely powers the laws. If the laws
are insufficient, then God would indeed be needed to "guide" each particular
chemical reaction, everywhere in the universe. But others here have
ridiculed that conception as "angels pushing the planets". And when ID
suggests anything like that, it is scornfully called "God of the Gaps".

Terry, the terminology of "guidance" that you and David Campbell are using
is *just not clear*. I am trying to get you to see that is it not clear.
And I am trying to get you to see that this lack of clarity harms TE
generally, and limits its "drawing power" in the wider world. Whatever may
be the faults and defects of ID theory, its writers are more in tune with
common language than TE writers are, and, as Aristotle and Wittgenstein in
different ways make clear, it is necessary to respect the virtues of common
language -- when it is used coherently, that is -- in order to think out
even the difficult and abstract problems in philosophy. The same applies to
theology. Metaphors and analogies are necessary in theological discourse,
but when they must be used, the "anchor word" of the metaphor or analogy
("guidance", ''chance", "force", "will", etc.) must be employed in the way
that it is employed in everyday speech; otherwise the metaphors and
analogies will confuse more than they help. The way that you and David
Campbell are using "guidance" confuses more than it helps. I suggest that
you find another word for the concept you are trying to express.

Cameron.

----- Original Message -----
From: "Terry M. Gray" <grayt@lamar.colostate.edu>
To: "ASA" <asa@calvin.edu>
Sent: Thursday, July 09, 2009 6:21 PM
Subject: Re: [asa] TE/EC Response - ideology according to Terry

> To me it's a false choice. But as I keep saying...God doesn't need to do
> anything special. I guess that means I'll turn into Dawkins and Coyne.
>
> But I reject your inference that that means I don't believe that God is
> guiding the process.
>
> In reality the only reason I accept this distinction between theology and
> science is that it seems that we all share the same science no matter
> what we believe to be the underlying primary causal reality. In my
> case -- God. In Dawkin's case -- the autonomous universe itself.
>
> You really do seem to be stuck in your three options: chance, necessity,
> or guided. It appears that my #4 (guided that looks and feels just like
> #1 in every respect) is not possible in your mind.
>
> I will grant that if my theology is wrong and that there really are
> unguided processes, then the only option open to Christians is your #3.
> But if my theology is correct then #1 and #4 are indistinguishable except
> in the metaphysics.
>
> For what it's worth in light of your previous comment about Boyle and
> Kepler, I understand laws of chemistry and physics exactly the same way.
> God's active guidance is necessary even in molecular motions and chemical
> reactions. There is nothing unique about evolutionary biology in this
> regard.
>
> TG
>
> On Jul 9, 2009, at 3:56 PM, Cameron Wybrow wrote:
>
>>
>>
>> No, Terry, this doesn't clarify, because you don't say whether you
>> intend "There is no such thing as an unguided process" as a theological
>> statement, a philosophical statement, a scientific statement, or some
>> other kind of statement.
>>
>> According to Randy Isaac, it can't be a scientific statement, because
>> science cannot address the question of guided versus unguided.
>>
>> I'm guessing you mean it as a theological statement. Presuming that you
>> do, what do you want me to do with it? It's an arbitrary statement. It
>> may be that there are unguided processes in the universe, and that your
>> theology is wrong.
>>
>> But we don't have to debate that to understand my point. Suppose -- for
>> the sake of argument -- that everyone from all camps agreed that there
>> were really unguided events in the universe, including mutational
>> events. ID is saying that the hypothesis that such events could produce
>> life, macroevolution, or man is very weakly substantiated from a
>> strictly scientific point of view. Dawkins & Co. are saying that the
>> hypothesis is strongly substantiated from a strictly scientific point of
>> view. TEs, or some of them, appear to agree that the hypothesis is
>> strongly substantiated from a strictly scientific point of view.
>>
>> Another way, and perhaps a more logically coherent way, of putting this
>> would be as follows: suppose -- again for the sake of argument -- that
>> all TEs became atheists or agnostics tomorrow. (Never mind why -- maybe
>> the bones of Jesus were discovered. Make up any scenario you want.) In
>> that situation, based on the public arguments TEs have made about
>> evolution, I would say that 90% of TEs would become atheist or agnostic
>> Darwinists, and would assert the power of chance to put together complex
>> organic systems via macroevolution. Now suppose, on the other side,
>> that all IDers became atheists or agnostics tomorrow. (Of course, some
>> of them are already agnostics.) I would say that 90% of the IDers would
>> still reject Darwinism. They might have no alternate explanation for how
>> life or species came to be, and would thus have to regard origins as a
>> mystery, but they would reject Darwinism -- and they would reject it as
>> *scientifically* implausible.
>>
>> I might put it this way: if Collins and Miller ceased to believe in
>> God, they would become Dawkins and Coyne. If Behe and Dembski ceased to
>> believe in God, they would remain Behe and Dembski. Or at most they
>> would become Berlinski.
>>
>> Would you agree with my assessment of what TEs would say about Darwinism
>> if they became atheist/agnostic? And about IDers in the same situation?
>> And does this help you to understand my threefold alternatives? Does it
>> help you to see that there is a *real* difference between my Scenario #1
>> and all the other scenarios? And that the difference between ID and the
>> Dawkins-Darwinists is over a real and important question about the
>> powers of nature?
>>
>> Cameron.
>>
>>
>> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry M. Gray"
>> <grayt@lamar.colostate.edu
>> >
>> To: "ASA" <asa@calvin.edu>
>> Sent: Thursday, July 09, 2009 4:48 PM
>> Subject: Re: [asa] TE/EC Response - ideology according to Terry
>>
>>
>>> Just a quick answer to your closing paragraphs and I'm not sure why
>>> this is not coming across clearly. More later, but perhaps this will
>>> clarify.
>>>
>>> There is no such thing as an unguided process.
>>>
>>> TG
>>>
>>> On Jul 9, 2009, at 2:14 PM, Cameron Wybrow wrote:
>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Terry:
>>>>
>>>> Thanks for this further reply. Your patience and gentlemanly
>>>> demeanour are appreciated, in an area of debate which often incites
>>>> people to anger. I will try to make a more or less final restatement
>>>> of my view.
>>>>
>>>> The definition of Darwinism or neo-Darwinism or Darwinian evolution
>>>> that you give is fine as far as it goes, but it doesn't go far
>>>> enough. "It follows that evolution has occurred..." That gentle
>>>> statement is compatible with, for example, the view that only
>>>> microevolution has occurred. Nothing is said about the crossing of
>>>> major boundaries such as order, class, or phyla. Nothing is said
>>>> about all life forms descending from a few or perhaps only one. This
>>>> statement of evolution is soft-pedalled. Darwin felt certain that
>>>> the vertebrates at least had a common ancestor -- hence, he was
>>>> unambiguously a macroevolutionist. I expect that the author of this
>>>> statement was, too, but one can't be sure from the bare words. But
>>>> why pussyfoot, if that's what the theory implies?
>>>>
>>>> The other and more important thing that is missing from this
>>>> statement is that the assumptions and motivation for evolutionary
>>>> theorizing are concealed, in a way that they are not concealed in
>>>> Darwin. Darwin makes it plain that he wants a wholly scientific and
>>>> wholly naturalistic account of origins. The writer of your statement
>>>> doubtless also wanted that, but doesn't say so. The writer, like
>>>> Darwin, assumes that a wholly naturalistic account is possible and
>>>> desirable and even required by the nature of modern science -- which
>>>> doesn't consider anything to have been "explained" until it can be
>>>> accounted for by wholly naturalistic means. But the writer doesn't
>>>> bring this out. We don't see Darwinian evolution for what it is
>>>> until we understand that the whole idea is to eliminate not only
>>>> "miracles" but intelligent design of any kind. It was spawned out of
>>>> the insight (or theological opinion) that "origins" were to be
>>>> treated in exactly the same manner as normal scientific questions,
>>>> i.e., that it was legitimate and even required to assume that origins
>>>> would yield fully satisfactory answers to the scientific method, and
>>>> would one day be as well understood as Boyle's Law or Kepler's Laws.
>>>>
>>>> Now you might say, well, the passage is simply stating the nuts and
>>>> bolts of the theory, and doesn't need to get into the foundation
>>>> assumptions and so on. Well, in one sense I agree with that. For
>>>> some purposes this statement of neo-Darwinism is sufficient and I
>>>> have no problem with it. But as we are having a larger discussion
>>>> here about the nature and methods of science, the nature of nature,
>>>> the action of God, teleology and chance, and so on, I think we need
>>>> to bear in mind the larger intellectual framework out of which
>>>> Darwinism and neo-Darwinism emerged. Oddly enough, it is in some of
>>>> the less formal statements of neo-Darwinism by popular writers like
>>>> Sagan and Asimov and Jastrow (all smart cookies with Ph.D.s in the
>>>> sciences, though outside of evolutionary biology construed as a
>>>> narrow technical field), that we see the original spirit and
>>>> motivation of Darwinism more clearly than in the statement you have
>>>> chosen.
>>>>
>>>> To clarify one more time, my view does not require the view that
>>>> Darwin was an atheist. It is compatible with his being a Deist, or
>>>> some sort of maverick theist (of the Victorian type you spoke of).
>>>> The point is that his view entails a "hands-off" God, who of course
>>>> remains behind the laws of nature in some unknown way, but who does
>>>> not direct the individual results of evolution. Darwin's God,
>>>> regarding biology, is neither a sculptor nor a mechanic. He's more
>>>> like a guy who throws out many different sorts of seeds onto some
>>>> fertile soil and lets them grow, taking no effort to weed out
>>>> invasive species during the process, and sits back and enjoys the
>>>> luxurious spectacle of organic life that follows. I think this view
>>>> is compatible with *some sort of* God, but I don't think it's
>>>> compatible with any historically orthodox (Protestant or Catholic)
>>>> understanding of Christianity.
>>>>
>>>> I'm not attacking Darwin for his lack of conventional religious
>>>> belief. I'm not in the orthodoxy business. (And there I differ from
>>>> at least some ID people.) I'm merely pointing out the tension
>>>> between his insistence upon no-design and traditional Christian
>>>> understandings of design. Even if you allow, as I do, that Genesis
>>>> need not be read literally, and that an evolutionary process could
>>>> "replace" the story in Genesis 1 as the "means" of creation, there is
>>>> still the problem that Darwin conceived of this process as inherently
>>>> unguided (it could hardly be otherwise, given the methods of
>>>> evolution that he asserts), whereas the Biblical author would
>>>> obviously conceive of any such process as guided.
>>>>
>>>> In any case, I don't wish to fight over terminology. Even if I grant
>>>> you your terminology, I still need a word to express the view which I
>>>> am attributing to Darwin and to many of his followers in the field of
>>>> evolutionary theory. I have used the word "Darwinian" because I
>>>> can't think of a better one.
>>>>
>>>> The three views of evolution that I have distinguished (from a
>>>> metaphysical point of view, if you insist on that language) are that
>>>> evolution occurs (roughly speaking) via chance, necessity, or design.
>>>> (1) The view that it occurs by "chance" I am calling Darwinism or
>>>> Darwinian evolution. (Of course there is a good deal of necessity or
>>>> natural law mixed in with Darwin's view as well, but as it depends
>>>> heavily on contingent events, it depends ultimately on chance whether
>>>> or not man or any other species ever evolves.) (2) The view that it
>>>> occurs by "necessity" I am calling "front-loading" or
>>>> "fine-tuning" -- the universe was "rigged" so that not only evolution
>>>> would occur, but would occur in a certain direction, making man
>>>> inevitable. (Of course there is an element of chance in this view,
>>>> but it is subdued in relation to the element of necessity; chance can
>>>> determine which planet and when, but cannot significantly alter the
>>>> final outcome.) (3) And then there is the view that the evolutionary
>>>> process is intelligently steered, guided, etc., to bring out some
>>>> preconceived design. (This view is compatible with both chance and
>>>> necessitarian processes -- even to a large degree Darwinian
>>>> processes -- because the steerer/designer can always "adjust" for the
>>>> excesses of necessity and chance as the process moves along.)
>>>>
>>>> Note that all three of these views would be compatible with the
>>>> fossil record, with the genetic data that Bernie keeps harping on,
>>>> etc. But note that they are quite different in what they say about
>>>> what nature is and how nature works -- even if we take the position
>>>> that the difference would be hard or impossible to detect by
>>>> scientific means. In the first view, nature is understood as
>>>> autonomous within its sphere. God is off somewhere else and has
>>>> given nature carte blanche to produce something beautiful, or make a
>>>> mess of things, as it will. And in the first view there is no design
>>>> and no guarantee that nature will produce anything of religious
>>>> significance, e.g., man. In the second view, nature is still
>>>> autonomous within its sphere -- God is still a mere spectator -- but
>>>> before letting nature go, God rigged it so that nature would produce
>>>> something religiously significant -- man or a manlike being. Maybe
>>>> the exact planet was left to chance, and maybe some minor details
>>>> were left to chance (what colour aardvarks would be, etc.), but God
>>>> made sure that nature would at least get to certain goals, sometime
>>>> and someplace. In the third view, nature is not autonomous within
>>>> its sphere. It may be 90% autonomous, maybe even 99.99% autonomous,
>>>> but not 100% autonomous. God reserves the right to make personal
>>>> appearances, so to speak, where and when he wishes, whether rarely,
>>>> frequently, or continuously. In the third view, "evolution" is the
>>>> co-production of "nature" and "God". God genuinely "co-operates" with
>>>> nature, not necessarily in the theological jargon of "co-operation"
>>>> (which I don't fully understand and often find vague), but in the
>>>> normal, everyday sense of the word -- nature wouldn't "get there"
>>>> without the extra input from God. (That input may be very subtle,
>>>> scientifically indetectable, etc., but it's there.) And something
>>>> religiously significant -- man -- is produced, and even the precise
>>>> details and timing of that can be guaranteed.
>>>>
>>>> My position all along has not been that Darwin is a fang-toothed
>>>> demon who deserves eternal perdition. I like the guy! I like him a
>>>> lot. I like him better than Dawkins or Coyne or Miller or Collins.
>>>> I hope he makes it to heaven, after a suitably long educative stay in
>>>> the Purgatory of the Nobly Misguided. My position is that Darwinian
>>>> evolution, as explained above, is not compatible with standard
>>>> Christianity. And my position is that front-loading *may* be
>>>> compatible with standard Christianity, and that the third position,
>>>> that of the "steering designer" is *definitely* compatible with
>>>> standard Christianity.
>>>>
>>>> Now if you want to call my three options metaphysical rather than
>>>> scientific, go ahead. If you want to say that science could not tell
>>>> the difference between them, then go ahead. But whether TEs like it
>>>> or not, not only Dawkins and Coyne but many members of the general
>>>> public, ranging from highly educated middle-class people to the very
>>>> uneducated Bible-thumpers, understand Darwin's theory as
>>>> intrinsically bound up with chance and hostility to design. Years of
>>>> very effective writing and commentary from Crick, Jastrow, Asimov,
>>>> Sagan, Gaylord Simpson, etc., have seen to that. When the public
>>>> answers surveys about "evolution", most of the respondents have in
>>>> mind "unguided, chance-driven evolution". They have in mind what I
>>>> call Darwinism or Darwinian evolution. And when they are asked
>>>> whether they "believe in evolution", they understand that to mean:
>>>> "If there were no God at all, or no God who did anything by way of
>>>> either steering or planning, and the earth started as a fiery ball of
>>>> matter with nothing but methane, carbon dioxide, etc., do you believe
>>>> that life would have formed by chance plus the natural properties of
>>>> things, that all species that we know would have formed by chance
>>>> plus the natural properties of things, that man would have emerged by
>>>> chance plus the natural properties of things?" And overwhelmingly,
>>>> most of them find this improbable, and answer "No!"
>>>>
>>>> I would submit that the proper answer to these nay-sayers, for
>>>> Dawkins and his ilk, is to provide a detailed, step-by-step account
>>>> of how the cardiovascular system or brain or camera eye could have
>>>> formed via mutations and natural selection if both the mutations and
>>>> natural selection were *really* unguided. And I would submit that
>>>> the proper answer to these nay-sayers, for Christians who believe in
>>>> evolution, i.e., for theistic evolutionists, is to grant entirely
>>>> that under the situation envisioned, it is very unlikely that life,
>>>> all the species and man would have evolved, but that, fortunately,
>>>> God *is* involved, either as planner and front-loader, or steerer and
>>>> guider, in some combination of these ways, and that therefore not
>>>> "chance", but design, reason, intellect, or mind is the ultimate
>>>> explanation for how we got here -- which does not rule out a major
>>>> subordinate role for naturalistic processes, including Darwinian
>>>> processes. However, in stating their position, TEs are rarely as
>>>> clear as I have just been. And what I have been trying to fathom
>>>> here is whether this lack of clarity is caused merely by incidental
>>>> aspects of TE thinking or writing, or whether TEs simply disagree
>>>> with the position I would like them to take. (So perhaps, Terry, this
>>>> paragraph of my reply is the most important one for you to comment
>>>> on, if you choose to reply again.)
>>>>
>>>> In any case, I will never myself embrace the TE position until TEs
>>>> generally denounce the notion that *truly* unguided processes could
>>>> be entirely responsible for evolution. Nor will any other ID
>>>> proponent. Even Michael Behe, who is both a theist and an
>>>> evolutionist, and therefore has every right to call himself a
>>>> theistic evolutionist, will not do so, because TE currently is
>>>> strongly associated with the belief (or at least the refusal to deny)
>>>> that unguided processes could be entirely responsible for evoluiton.
>>>> For Behe, as for myself, the empirical evidence that unguided
>>>> processes can accomplish such a feat is far, far too weak, and the
>>>> public needs to know just how weak it is. So, while I agree with TEs
>>>> regarding their *theological* critique of Dawkins, etc. (as do Behe,
>>>> Dembski, etc.), I couple that theological critique with a scientific
>>>> critique. In TE that scientific critique of the powers of unguided
>>>> mechanisms is utterly lacking, and that seems to be the main barrier
>>>> between ID and TE at the present.
>>>>
>>>> Cameron.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry M. Gray"
>>>> <grayt@lamar.colostate.edu
>>>> >
>>>> To: "ASA" <asa@calvin.edu>
>>>> Sent: Thursday, July 09, 2009 10:57 AM
>>>> Subject: Re: [asa] TE/EC Response - ideology according to Terry
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> Gregory and Cameron,
>>>>>
>>>>> I am delighted to hear you say that Darwinian evolution and
>>>>> Darwinian mechanisms are scientific (contra Darwinism). I'm not sure
>>>>> that Cameron would agree. I hear him saying that anytime you invoke
>>>>> Darwinian or Darwinism that you are invoking something that removes
>>>>> God from the picture. Perhaps he could clarify for us.
>>>>>
>>>>> I am also in agreement with you about the fundamental issue--
>>>>> there is a difference between the metaphysical claims (which you
>>>>> label Darwinism and embody claims about God's role) and pure
>>>>> "scientific" claims (which you seem willing to label Darwinian).
>>>>> This distinction is and has been my fundamental point all along,
>>>>> i.e. it is possible to agree as a Christian with Darwin's theory
>>>>> inasmuch as it does not specify God's involvement or lack thereof.
>>>>>
>>>>> While I agree with you that precision in language is useful, I
>>>>> recognize (and you need to recognize) that such precision is not
>>>>> always the case. So, among professional biologists, the term
>>>>> Darwinism is in fact synonymous with Darwinian evolution. To wit:
>>>>>
>>>>> "This classic work became the means by which the theory gained
>>>>> support and, in the porcess, came to be called Darwinism. The theory
>>>>> of Darwin and Wallace can be expressed as follows: Every population
>>>>> and individual organisms contains genetic variability. Some of the
>>>>> hereditary traits permit individuals to survive and reproduce better
>>>>> than others. As a consequence, these superior traits become more
>>>>> prevalent in later generations. It follows that evolution has
>>>>> occurred...The development of evolutionary biology since about 1920
>>>>> is often referred to as the MODERN SYNTHESIS, or NEO-DARWINISM, by
>>>>> which is meant that Mendelian genetics has been fused with the
>>>>> theory of natural selection, creating the basic discipline of
>>>>> population genetics." (Life on Earth, Wilson et al. 636-638)
>>>>>
>>>>> The above standard textbook definition/description is Darwinian
>>>>> evolution (in the "scientific" sense by your distinctions). If it's
>>>>> not, then you or Cameron need to help me see where not. Yet, it is
>>>>> labeled Darwinism in the textbook. So, the language is less precise
>>>>> than you want it to be. Darwinism as an ideology in these textbooks
>>>>> usually has a modifier "social" as in "social Darwinism" and nearly
>>>>> every textbook distinguishes between Darwinism and social Darwinism.
>>>>> To coin a new term along the same lines I might add "metaphysical
>>>>> Darwinism" which includes claims about God's role or lack thereof.
>>>>>
>>>>> So when I define Darwinism to be Darwinian evolution, there should
>>>>> be no confusion in your mind. You may not like my choice of words or
>>>>> the range of semantic meaning that I give the term "Darwinism", but
>>>>> there is no reason for you to be confused.
>>>>>
>>>>> I would like to respond briefly to Cameron's response to me about
>>>>> his expertise in Darwin's writings. I laud the depth of your study
>>>>> here. You have studied Darwin's writings much more than I have.
>>>>> However, I don't understand your point here. I fully agree that
>>>>> Darwin believed what you say he believed and that he thought his
>>>>> theory had the theological implications that you say it has. I've
>>>>> said that in point #2 of my TE/EC response. But that's beside the
>>>>> point. I also said that Darwin was wrong about it. He was a
>>>>> "metaphysical Darwinist" to use the newly coined term. Theists of
>>>>> all stripes open to Darwin's "scientific" claims rejected Darwin's
>>>>> theological claims: Asa Gray, B.B. Warfield, and all subsequent
>>>>> theistic evolutionists. They accepted the moniker Darwinist or
>>>>> Darwinian as long as it was understood that we're not talking about
>>>>> God's role. This is why there is such an amazing difference between
>>>>> Charles Hodge's view of Darwinism and B.B. Warfield's view (who
>>>>> followed Hodge on most other points of theology and opinion). Hodge
>>>>> took Darwin's words at face value and did not distinguish between
>>>>> his science and his theology; Warfield does so distinguish as does
>>>>> Asa Gray. Even though Ayala is usually considered a theistic
>>>>> evolutionist, he commits the same error in "Darwin's Gift".
>>>>>
>>>>> In general Darwin's theology is atrocious and unorthodox like much
>>>>> of Victorian Anglicanism; my critique of Ayala is similar. If I re-
>>>>> work Darwin's ideas into what I consider to be Calvinistic
>>>>> orthodoxy, you get something similar to my view (and the view of Asa
>>>>> Gray and B.B. Warfield). See David Livingstone's "Darwin's Forgotten
>>>>> Defenders" for a nice discussion of this.
>>>>>
>>>>> No doubt when Dawkins speaks of Darwinism he is speaking of
>>>>> "metaphysical Darwinism" (I am not familiar enough with Simpson's or
>>>>> Mayr's broader writings to know if that's true of them--I have
>>>>> studied Mayr's philosophy of biology and I don't recall any
>>>>> discussion of this--I was primarily interested in his notions of
>>>>> reductionism and autonomy of biology.) I'm not so sure Gould speaks
>>>>> of Darwinism in the same way because he recognizes, without
>>>>> necessarily sharing the belief himself, that such a theistic view is
>>>>> possible.
>>>>>
>>>>> TG
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On Jul 9, 2009, at 4:08 AM, Gregory Arago wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>> Hi Terry,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Though I can understand why Cameron is growing tired of clearly
>>>>>> repeating himself about the meaning of 'Darwinism' according to
>>>>>> him, let me just take a moment to challenge you on what you mean by
>>>>>> 'ideology.'
>>>>>>
>>>>>> You write:
>>>>>> "I, as most life scientists, think that Darwinism is a scientific
>>>>>> idea (and not a ideology) embodying the Darwinian mechanisms of
>>>>>> "random" mutation that does not anticipate the need of the
>>>>>> organism, natural selection, gradualism, etc."
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Would you not feel comfortable in changing your language to more
>>>>>> common usage? That is, it would be more understandable if you would
>>>>>> distinguish science from ideology instead of lumping the two
>>>>>> together in the term 'Darwinism.' Thus, could you not say that
>>>>>> "Darwinian evolution is a scientific idea (and not an ideology)
>>>>>> embodying the Darwinian mechanisms..."?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Or do you conflate the meanings of 'Darwinism' and 'Darwinian
>>>>>> evolution' whereas most people (who are linguistically more exact,
>>>>>> even if they are not life scientists) do not?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Evolutionary theory is scientific (in so far as it strives/has
>>>>>> striven to be truthful about reality), while evolutionism is an
>>>>>> ideology.
>>>>>> Darwinian evolution is scientific (in so far as it strives/has
>>>>>> striven to be truthful about reality), while Darwinism is an
>>>>>> ideology.
>>>>>> Is this way of seeing not harmonisable with how you speak about and
>>>>>> understand the topic, as a 'life scientist'? Or else, Terry, why
>>>>>> are you so reluctant to call 'Darwinism' an ideology, the spade as
>>>>>> a spade?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> With due respect, delivered in direct words,
>>>>>> Gregory
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ~
>>>>>>
>>>>>> “Ideology can be conceived of as communication systematically
>>>>>> distorted by the exercise of power.” – J.B. Thompson
>>>>>>
>>>>>> “Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer
>>>>>> cell.” – Edward Abbey (anthropomorphic view of 'ideology')
>>>>>>
>>>>>> “Faith in God's revelation has nothing to do with an ideology which
>>>>>> glorifies the status quo.” – Karl Barth
>>>>>>
>>>>>> “You can't be suspicious of a tree, or accuse a bird or a squirrel
>>>>>> of subversion or challenge the ideology of a violet.” – Hal Borland
>>>>>> (non-anthropomorphic view of 'ideology')
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> From: Cameron Wybrow <wybrowc@sympatico.ca>
>>>>>> To: ASA <asa@calvin.edu>
>>>>>> Sent: Wednesday, July 8, 2009 3:22:18 PM
>>>>>> Subject: Re: [asa] TE/EC Response
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Terry:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> You've written without any mean-spiritedness a good summary of the
>>>>>> state of our debate. I agree that we cannot get much further at
>>>>>> the moment.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Regarding point 1, I certainly grant the majority of scientists to
>>>>>> right to follow the evidence wherever they think it leads. I
>>>>>> acknowledge that the current situation is what you say it is. I
>>>>>> respect scientists who accept Darwinian evolution as long as they
>>>>>> do not bully or threaten the careers of dissenters, or overstate
>>>>>> the evidence for their conclusions, and as long as they remain open
>>>>>> to fundamental (not just trivial) criticisms of the Darwinian
>>>>>> model.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Regarding point 2, I think that you, and several other people here,
>>>>>> are in error about the views of Darwin and about the general
>>>>>> character of historical Darwinism. I think you are back- reading
>>>>>> your TE wishes into what Darwin and Darwinism historically have
>>>>>> been. I have just re-read Darwin's Autobiography (3rd time now),
>>>>>> I've read (and by "read" I mean *studied*) The Origin of Species in
>>>>>> its entirety, parts of it twice, also large chunks of The Descent
>>>>>> of Man, and many of his Letters, and many discussions of his work,
>>>>>> and have debated the meaning of many of his passages with
>>>>>> competent students, and I'm convinced I understand Darwin's
>>>>>> position. His position is that evolution was unguided --
>>>>>> *really* unguided, not just "methodologically speaking" unguided.
>>>>>> And I'm certain that he would have angrily spurned any TE attempt
>>>>>> to "rescue" his theory from the "unguided" part for Christian
>>>>>> purposes. He would have said that the unguidedness is not a
>>>>>> metaphysical add-on to his view, but an essential component of the
>>>>>> scientific theory itself. And he would have dismissed TE
>>>>>> protestation -- that "unguided" is metaphysical rather than
>>>>>> scientific language -- as mere pedantry which misses the
>>>>>> substantive point of what his theory was *about*. He knew full
>>>>>> well that he was opposing Paley and that the essence of Paley was
>>>>>> design. And he wanted to say that the appearance of design could
>>>>>> be achieved without guidance.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I'm also convinced that the mainstream of important 20th-century
>>>>>> evolutionary biologists -- Mayr, Simpson, etc. -- were Darwinian in
>>>>>> my sense. And it is their view, not the view of the people of this
>>>>>> list, or of TEs elsewhere, that properly defines "Darwinism". But
>>>>>> I don't think it's worth fighting any more about the label.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The point is that there is a theory around -- call it Darwinian or
>>>>>> not, call it metaphysical or scientific or whatever you want --
>>>>>> that says that unguided chemical and biological processes produced
>>>>>> life and all species. *That* is the theory that has caused all the
>>>>>> public furor from the time of Darwin to the present. Never mind
>>>>>> whether it is scientific or theological or
>>>>>> whatever-- just recognize that *that* is what has caused all the
>>>>>> furor. And my point is that *there is no hard scientific evidence*
>>>>>> that *truly unguided* processes could have performed such a complex
>>>>>> set of operations. Thus, the theory is highly speculative, yes has
>>>>>> been sold as a certain result of science.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ID has challenged this theory. In my view, ID was entirely right
>>>>>> to do so. Whether ID itself is a scientific theory or some other
>>>>>> kind of animal (philosophy, whatever) is not a question I lose a
>>>>>> lot of sleep over. What is important to me is that ID is a
>>>>>> rational approach to nature, whereas Darwinism requires a colossal
>>>>>> suspension of disbelief in highly improbable events. It is not
>>>>>> self-evident to me that a technically "scientific" theory which is
>>>>>> highly improbable is more likely to be the truth about nature than
>>>>>> a technically "non- scientific" theory which is empirically based
>>>>>> and does much more justice to the incredible degree of integrated
>>>>>> complexity that we witness in nature.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 3. This paragraph is interesting:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> > And the evidence keeps coming...a few weeks ago there was some
>>>>>> discussion
>>>>>> > of the origin of the immune system in Science (including a
>>>>>> picture from
>>>>>> > the Dover trial with a stack of books and papers confounding
>>>>>> Behe's claim
>>>>>> > that there was no theory of the origin of this complex system).
>>>>>> It
>>>>>> > appears that vertebrates got it via some lateral gene
>>>>>> transfer in
>>>>>> a viral
>>>>>> > infection.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> You call this "evidence"? I call it "sheer speculation". "*It
>>>>>> appears that* vertebrates got it via some lateral gene transfer".
>>>>>> It appears to that way to whom? What you mean is that someone *has
>>>>>> speculated that* vertebrates may have got it via some lateral gene
>>>>>> transfer. The purported event happened hundreds of millions of
>>>>>> years ago and we cannot recover it. (And notice the vague
>>>>>> qualifier: "some" lateral gene transfer -- its advocates can't
>>>>>> even precisely define it. Why don't they specify the nucleotide
>>>>>> sequence that in their opinion got transferred? I would guess
>>>>>> because they don't have the slightest clue.) Why would you pass
>>>>>> off this surmise about a unique, one-time event which can never be
>>>>>> observed, or demonstrated to have happened, as "science"? What
>>>>>> Faraday and Newton and Mendeleev and Pasteur did was science.
>>>>>> This kind of speculation, without genetic details, is
>>>>>> story-telling, neither confirmable nor falsifiable; it teaches
>>>>>> nothing, and adds nothing to the stock of human knowledge.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Further, even if true, this would just pass the problem back to a
>>>>>> different species. If the vertebrates got the whole system from
>>>>>> the invertebrates, how did the system arise in the invertebrates?
>>>>>> From another viral gene transfer? Sooner or later the buck stops,
>>>>>> and evolutionary biologists will have to do the hard work and tell
>>>>>> us how the immune system was built up from scratch. Where in the
>>>>>> biological literature can I find such an explanation?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 4. I continue to maintain that you are wrong about probability
>>>>>> theory. If you are arguing what you appear to be arguing, here is
>>>>>> what you are saying:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 1. You come across a nearly-complete version of Mt. Rushmore in
>>>>>> the desert. One of Lincoln's eyebrows is slightly wrong, but would
>>>>>> become right if one small piece of rock was blasted away by
>>>>>> lightning or weathered away. You calculate the probability of this
>>>>>> happening before something else is weathered away, and you come up,
>>>>>> with, say, one in a million.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 2. You come across an empty rock face capable of being carved into
>>>>>> Mt. Rushmore. You calculate the probability that weathering will
>>>>>> produce a duplicate of Mt. Rushmore. According to your reasoning
>>>>>> in the biological case, the probability is no lower than in the
>>>>>> case of fixing the eyebrow-- still relatively high, one in a
>>>>>> million. But this is clearly, obviously
>>>>>> wrong. The probability is more like one in a zillion.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> So, either you are simply in error about the biological case, or
>>>>>> your argument is not clear.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> In probability theory, the relevant calculation depends on where
>>>>>> you sit. If you are sitting at the beginning of an evolutionary
>>>>>> process, where all you have is a shrew, and your task is to
>>>>>> determine whether chance mutations can turn the shrew into a bat in
>>>>>> X million years, you must first determine "What set of changes
>>>>>> would it take to turn this shrew into a bat?", and then calculate
>>>>>> the probability, which will be a compound probability, since the
>>>>>> mutations are theoretically independent. Obviously, if you are
>>>>>> sitting near the end of process, where all you need is to add one
>>>>>> piece of webbing between two fingers of the bat,
>>>>>> then you need to know only "What mutation will give me that
>>>>>> webbing?" and to calculate the probability of that single mutation,
>>>>>> and the probability will be vastly higher than in the other case.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Now, if you ask the question: "Could homo sapiens have arisen from
>>>>>> a bacterium, purely out of unguided mutations and natural
>>>>>> selection", in calculating the probability, you surely cannot
>>>>>> simply calculate this on the basis of the mutations that would be
>>>>>> necessary to turn a Neanderthal into a Cro- Magnon. You have to
>>>>>> calculate on the basis of all the mutations running from the
>>>>>> bacterium through to the Cro- Magnon. I do not see how this is
>>>>>> anything other than obvious.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Incidentally, I passed on your argument to a couple of major ID
>>>>>> proponents that I happen to "know" (not personally, but
>>>>>> electronically), and who have more math and science than I do, and
>>>>>> they have confirmed that the compound probability of the whole
>>>>>> sequence of changes is the relevant one.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> 5. See my other reply to your next note.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Cameron.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Terry M. Gray"
>>>>>> <grayt@lamar.colostate.edu
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> To: "ASA" <asa@calvin.edu>
>>>>>> Sent: Tuesday, July 07, 2009 11:48 PM
>>>>>> Subject: [asa] TE/EC Response
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> > With Cameron and Gregory so eloquently summarizing the state of
>>>>>> our
>>>>>> > recent discussions from their perspective, let me try to
>>>>>> provide a
>>>>>> > similar summary from my perspective.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 1. In light of the recent exchange between Cameron and David, it
>>>>>> seems to
>>>>>> > me that perhaps the bottom line difference has to doing with how
>>>>>> > convincing we regard the evidence for a secondary cause based
>>>>>> > evolutionary account. I fully agree with David's assessment of
>>>>>> the state
>>>>>> > of the art. I would probably go even one step further and say
>>>>>> that due to
>>>>>> > the historical nature of biological evolution and due to
>>>>>> contingent
>>>>>> > nature of some of critical events (chance mutations, cross-
>>>>>> overs,
>>>>>> genome
>>>>>> > acquisitions, extinctions, etc.) and due to the antiquity of
>>>>>> these
>>>>>> > events, that it may not be possible to construct the kind of
>>>>>> detailed
>>>>>> > scenario that Cameron insists upon. To him, it seems, these
>>>>>> sorts
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> > provisos casts a dark cloud over our confidence. Others of us
>>>>>> (and most
>>>>>> > professional practicing life scientists) find the current state
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> > affairs to be good enough to assert with confidence appropriate
>>>>>> for any
>>>>>> > scientific theory that the key pieces of the story are in place
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> > convincing enough. I, for one, have had that bent since the
>>>>>> late
>>>>>> 70's and
>>>>>> > have only seen gaps filled, questions answered, and more and
>>>>>> more
>>>>>> success
>>>>>> > of the general evolutionary biological story. The evo-devo
>>>>>> developments
>>>>>> > of the past two decades have addressed in principle in my mind
>>>>>> many of
>>>>>> > the difficult questions that Cameron keeps raising.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > Perhaps it's a different psychological bent between TE's and
>>>>>> ID's. Maybe
>>>>>> > TE's do have a lower bar. But, Cameron or Denton or Behe is not
>>>>>> giving me
>>>>>> > any new information when they tell me how much we don't know. I
>>>>>> know full
>>>>>> > well. Yet, I am convinced of the general story by the evidence
>>>>>> that is
>>>>>> > there. Perhaps there is a difference between the way biologists
>>>>>> think and
>>>>>> > the way chemists think. I am trained primarily as a biologist
>>>>>> but
>>>>>> have
>>>>>> > straddled the fence with a strong chemistry and biophysics
>>>>>> history as
>>>>>> > well. It is probably the case the most non-life scientists take
>>>>>> the word
>>>>>> > of their biologists colleagues, but, as I said before, most
>>>>>> professional
>>>>>> > life scientists are convinced.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > If this is the case, then we are at an impasse of sorts. I don't
>>>>>> really
>>>>>> > see a problem with that. I'm convinced; the community of
>>>>>> practicing
>>>>>> > scientists is convinced. That's the way it is. There may come a
>>>>>> day when
>>>>>> > that's not the case and the voices of ID advocates, Denton, et
>>>>>> al. will
>>>>>> > turn the tables. I may someday be convinced otherwise. But
>>>>>> today
>>>>>> is not
>>>>>> > that day and I think through the theological implications of my
>>>>>> science
>>>>>> > in light of how the world looks to me today. Since Gregory has
>>>>>> been so
>>>>>> > fond of reminding us of the sociology of science, he should not
>>>>>> be overly
>>>>>> > shocked to hear that science is what scientists think (today).
>>>>>> May or may
>>>>>> > not be right. In fact, in light of history, it's likely not
>>>>>> to be
>>>>>> right.
>>>>>> > However, today, in our science education we teach what we (the
>>>>>> scientific
>>>>>> > community) think is the best explanation for things.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > What to do? Well, let's keep working: those trying to fill in
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> gaps of
>>>>>> > the current theoretical framework (science as usual) and the
>>>>>> critics (the
>>>>>> > revolutionaries). The critics have a tougher go at it and may
>>>>>> find it
>>>>>> > difficult to get funding, to publish, etc. But that's the way
>>>>>> it
>>>>>> works.
>>>>>> > Time will tell who is right (if we are realists of any sort,
>>>>>> which I am).
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 2. As for the term "Darwinism". Most of us on the TE/EC side of
>>>>>> things
>>>>>> > reject the arguments that Cameron and Gregory and perhaps others
>>>>>> have put
>>>>>> > forth that "Darwinism" is intrinsically anti-theistic. To think
>>>>>> so is a
>>>>>> > conflation of secondary causes (nature, creation, etc.) with
>>>>>> primary
>>>>>> > causation (God's role) (as David Siemens eloquently put it).
>>>>>> Darwin
>>>>>> > committed that error--Asa Gray answered it in his day. Dawkins
>>>>>> commits
>>>>>> > the error today. As does Cameron and most ID folks. To state it
>>>>>> boldly:
>>>>>> > my option #4 is identical to Cameron's option #1 from the
>>>>>> secondary
>>>>>> > causation point of view. Macroevolution does not require
>>>>>> miracles--it can
>>>>>> > all happen "without God lifting a finger"--is that clear
>>>>>> enough?
>>>>>> > (although I unequivocally reject Cameron's way of putting
>>>>>> > that--concurrence is not merely sustaining the laws of
>>>>>> nature-- it
>>>>>> is active governance--micromanaging, if you will). However, from
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> > primary causation point of view evolution is guided (as are all
>>>>>> secondary
>>>>>> > causes, even the actions of free agents). So, I, as most life
>>>>>> scientists,
>>>>>> > think that Darwinism is a scientific idea (and not a ideology)
>>>>>> embodying
>>>>>> > the Darwinian mechanisms of "random" mutation that does not
>>>>>> anticipate
>>>>>> > the need of the organism, natural selection, gradualism, etc.
>>>>>> All
>>>>>> of
>>>>>> > these say nothing about God's role in the process. It seems
>>>>>> that in
>>>>>> > principle Cameron agrees that it's possible for divine
>>>>>> governance
>>>>>> to be
>>>>>> > "hidden" in stochastic processes, but the fact that he can't
>>>>>> distinguish
>>>>>> > between his option #3 and my option #4 and his belief that
>>>>>> improbable
>>>>>> > sequences of mutations are not possible without divine guidance
>>>>>> suggest
>>>>>> > otherwise.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 3. This is not to say that God cannot perform a miracle during
>>>>>> > evolutionary history. I strongly affirm that he is fully able to
>>>>>> work
>>>>>> > outside of normal secondary causes and believe that we have
>>>>>> several
>>>>>> > reported events of such in scripture. I don't see any reason to
>>>>>> appeal to
>>>>>> > such in the course of cosmic history. In scripture miracles seem
>>>>>> to be
>>>>>> > associated with special redemptive and revelatory events. I
>>>>>> don't
>>>>>> expect
>>>>>> > to see them normally. In fact, the "normal" (God's regular
>>>>>> governance) is
>>>>>> > a necessary milieu for the miraculous (God's irregular
>>>>>> governance). Given
>>>>>> > the historical nature of evolution, I'm not sure how you can
>>>>>> tell
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> > difference between a miracle and a God-governed chance event.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 4. As for storing up genotypic changes...this is exactly what
>>>>>> exaptation
>>>>>> > does. All the pieces are present already and when they are
>>>>>> combined
>>>>>> > something novel emerges which can now be selected upon.
>>>>>> Irreducible
>>>>>> > complexity is no mystery. Gene duplication, sexual
>>>>>> recombination,
>>>>>> > horizontal gene transfer, genome acquistions are all mechanisms
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> > accomplish this. It is true that I am not able to come up with
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> > detailed account of how this has happened, but I can give
>>>>>> credible
>>>>>> > scenarios that combined with the record in the genomes, gives
>>>>>> striking
>>>>>> > confirmation of the theory. And the evidence keeps coming...a
>>>>>> few
>>>>>> weeks
>>>>>> > ago there was some discussion of the origin of the immune
>>>>>> system in
>>>>>> > Science (including a picture from the Dover trial with a
>>>>>> stack of
>>>>>> books
>>>>>> > and papers confounding Behe's claim that there was no theory of
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> > origin of this complex system). It appears that vertebrates got
>>>>>> it via
>>>>>> > some lateral gene transfer in a viral infection. Once the
>>>>>> incipient
>>>>>> > function is there (and it didn't arise gradualistically),
>>>>>> Darwinian
>>>>>> > mechanisms have their fodder. So the modern account involves
>>>>>> both
>>>>>> > Darwinian mechanism and newly discovered non-Darwinian
>>>>>> mechanism.
>>>>>> All the
>>>>>> > pieces of the eye, even at the biochemical level, are
>>>>>> homologs of
>>>>>> pieces
>>>>>> > of other functioning systems. Perhaps an eye evolves in the
>>>>>> twinkling of
>>>>>> > an eye (as Dawkins cleverly put it--I guess he knows his Bible
>>>>>> even if he
>>>>>> > doesn't believe it).
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 5. Cameron speaks of the Laplacian universe where God must be
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> most
>>>>>> > skilled Fats Domino that one can imagine. While I have no
>>>>>> trouble
>>>>>> > imagining that God can do this, I'm not sure I believe it's
>>>>>> necessary to
>>>>>> > think this way. While I have a reductionist and mechanist
>>>>>> bent, I
>>>>>> don't
>>>>>> > think they work at every level or through every level. All the
>>>>>> usually
>>>>>> > things can be said here--quantum indeterminacy, chaos, etc.
>>>>>> But,
>>>>>> I don't
>>>>>> > find it necessary to do that. This is a critique of some of my
>>>>>> TE/
>>>>>> EC
>>>>>> > colleagues. As under point #2 I don't want to conflate God's
>>>>>> role
>>>>>> with
>>>>>> > any particular creational dimension. God can do what he want
>>>>>> how he
>>>>>> > wants. And I don't really think we can explain how and where it
>>>>>> happens
>>>>>> > in creaturely terms. If a key mutation occurs whether it's
>>>>>> via a
>>>>>> > radiation event that God tweaked to pop out at a certain time
>>>>>> (or
>>>>>> even
>>>>>> > specially created) or a spontaneous low probability isomeric
>>>>>> transition
>>>>>> > of a nucleotide at the point of replication. It doesn't
>>>>>> bother me
>>>>>> that
>>>>>> > God tweaks. What seems to be the case is that God tweaks in a
>>>>>> way
>>>>>> that we
>>>>>> > usually can't tell.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 6. Cameron's view that the sequence of evolutionary events seems
>>>>>> > improbable is an argument for design just is wrong in my
>>>>>> opinion.
>>>>>> I've
>>>>>> > commented on this before. The probability of the next mutation
>>>>>> is
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> > same no matter what mutation occurred before it. Relevant to
>>>>>> this is
>>>>>> > Gould's essay about batting average records. There's only one
>>>>>> way
>>>>>> for the
>>>>>> > distribution to go--similar, he argues, to biological
>>>>>> complexity.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 7. The pattern of evolution or the "fact" of evolution (trees of
>>>>>> > relatedness from classification or sequence comparisons or
>>>>>> Bernie's
>>>>>> > appeals recently to chromosome fusions, etc) are convincing
>>>>>> especially in
>>>>>> > light of known mechanisms of reproduction and inheritance and
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> kinds
>>>>>> > of changes that we not only infer but actually do see as we
>>>>>> compare
>>>>>> > sequences from generation to generation. No I don't have the
>>>>>> detailed
>>>>>> > mechanism for how all evolutionary change occurred. Neither
>>>>>> have
>>>>>> I a
>>>>>> > detailed mechanism for development from fertilized egg to adult
>>>>>> organism.
>>>>>> > But the pattern is there and there is nothing inconsistent
>>>>>> (with
>>>>>> my level
>>>>>> > of credulity) with thinking that it happens without special
>>>>>> intervention.
>>>>>> > Figuring out the mechanism in more detail is part of our task.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > 8. As for Bill's question about the connection between "apparent
>>>>>> age" and
>>>>>> > "apparent randomness". If I believed that the Bible taught that
>>>>>> the earth
>>>>>> > is young, I'd probably adopt some kind of apparent age view. I
>>>>>> don't
>>>>>> > believe the Bible requires that viewpoint. I do believe that
>>>>>> the
>>>>>> Bible
>>>>>> > teaches that God governs all events even those that appear to
>>>>>> be
>>>>>> random.
>>>>>> > Thus, even with the most hideous of events, I believe that
>>>>>> God is
>>>>>> in
>>>>>> > control and has his reasons, although I don't always fathom
>>>>>> them.
>>>>>> I don't
>>>>>> > believe that I'm at the mercy of chance and necessity (or
>>>>>> even my
>>>>>> own
>>>>>> > brilliant and not-so-brilliant choices) and I trust God in his
>>>>>> wisdom and
>>>>>> > plan to do what he will in my life that will accomplish his
>>>>>> purposes for
>>>>>> > me. My kids' genetic and biological makeup are the result of
>>>>>> multitude of
>>>>>> > chance events, yet I believe that they have been fearfully and
>>>>>> > wonderfully made and knitted together by their sovereign Lord.
>>>>>> Their
>>>>>> > psychological and social histories are similarly contingent,
>>>>>> and
>>>>>> > influenced by their own free choices. Yet even those are
>>>>>> directed
>>>>>> by
>>>>>> > their sovereign Lord. Do I have empirical evidence of this
>>>>>> divine
>>>>>> > governance? Probably not anything that is convincing even to a
>>>>>> moderately
>>>>>> > skeptical person. Yet, the Bible tells me so.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > TG
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > ________________
>>>>>> > Terry M. Gray, Ph.D.
>>>>>> > Computer Support Scientist
>>>>>> > Chemistry Department
>>>>>> > Colorado State University
>>>>>> > Fort Collins, CO 80523
>>>>>> > (o) 970-491-7003 (f) 970-491-1801
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> >
>>>>>> > To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
>>>>>> > "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
>>>>>> >
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
>>>>>> "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
>>>>>>
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>>>>>
>>>>> ________________
>>>>> Terry M. Gray, Ph.D.
>>>>> Computer Support Scientist
>>>>> Chemistry Department
>>>>> Colorado State University
>>>>> Fort Collins, CO 80523
>>>>> (o) 970-491-7003 (f) 970-491-1801
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
>>>>> "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
>>>> "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
>>>
>>> ________________
>>> Terry M. Gray, Ph.D.
>>> Computer Support Scientist
>>> Chemistry Department
>>> Colorado State University
>>> Fort Collins, CO 80523
>>> (o) 970-491-7003 (f) 970-491-1801
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
>>> "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
>>
>>
>> To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
>> "unsubscribe asa" (no quotes) as the body of the message.
>
> ________________
> Terry M. Gray, Ph.D.
> Computer Support Scientist
> Chemistry Department
> Colorado State University
> Fort Collins, CO 80523
> (o) 970-491-7003 (f) 970-491-1801
>
>
>
>
> To unsubscribe, send a message to majordomo@calvin.edu with
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Received on Thu Jul 9 19:12:34 2009